SCI Science 180 - Earth Science: Seismic Waves

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Science Journal

1) Introduction

Watch the video at the top of the page in the unit, then answer the questions from your science journal.

1. What is a seismic wave?

2. What is one human-made cause of seismic waves?

3. What is one natural cause of seismic waves?

4. How do seismic waves travel?

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2) Reflection and Refraction

From your science journal, answer these questions.

1. What skills does a geologist need to be successful in their career?

2. What are three examples of fossil fuels?

3. What four things can a geologist determine by measuring the refraction and reflection of seismic waves?

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3) Direct and Indirect Evidence

From your science journal, answer these questions.

1. Would you want to live near a volcano? Why or why not?

2. What can the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program do to stop future disasters?

3. Why do some buildings survive earthquakes?

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4) Seismic Waves

Study the image from the unit, then answer these questions from your science journal.

1. What color are the S-waves?

2. What color are the P-waves?

3. Which wave went through the crust, mantle, outer, and inner core?

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5) Earth's Layers

From your science journal, fill in the blanks.

1. Geologists believe that the inner core is made up of material similar to _______.

2. Convection currents in the outer core produce the Earth's _______ field.

3. Earth’s mantle is mostly made up of _________.

4. Earth's _______ is made up of granite and basalt.

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Introduction

6) What is the order of Earth's layers, from the surface to the inside?

A) crust, mantle, inner core, outer core

B) crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

C) mantle, crust, outer core, inner core

D) inner core, mantle, crust, outer core

Correct!

7) Scientists use instruments such as the ______ and geophone to observe how energy travels through the Earth and determine information about the structure of our planet.

A) telescope

B) microscop

C) seismograph

D) pictograph

Incorrect

Reflection and Refraction

Seismic refraction is commonly limited to mapping bedrock depths and rippabilities at depths less than 100 feet and is generally applicable only where the seismic velocities of layers increase with depth. Where higher-velocity (e.g., stiff clay) layers may overlie lower-velocity material (e.g., sand or gravel), this technique may not detect those deeper layers.

Seismic reflection generally applies to depths greater than 80 to 100 feet and is widely used on land to map various deep features (e.g., stratigraphy, faults). This technique is also well suited to marine applications (e.g., lakes, rivers, oceans) where the inability of water to transmit shear waves makes a collection of high-quality reflection data possible, even at very shallow depths that would be impractical or impossible on land.

8) _______________ occurs when light rays bounce off an object.

A) Reflection

B) Refraction

Correct!

9) __________________ is the change in direction of a light ray as it passes into a new substance.

A) Refelction

B) Refraction

Correct!

10) The scientist who works to understand our planet's history is called a biologist.

True

False

Incorrect

11) By measuring the refraction and reflection of the waves, ________can determine the rocks' density, nature, depth, and thickness below our surface.

A) biologist

B) chemist

C) zoologist

D) geologist

Correct!

Direct and Indirect Evidence

12) Select two examples of direct evidence used by geologists.

A) observe volcanoes
B) recordings of earthquakes
C) using geophone to observe how energy travels through the Earth
D) study rocks from holes

Incorrect

13) Seismic waves produced by earthquakes allow scientists to measure the speed at which they travel.

True

False

Correct!

14) Which of the following is an example of scientists using indirect evidence to study Earth's layers?

A) examining rocks found on Earth's surface

B) observing lava from the mantle after an erupting volcano

C) analyzing records of seismic waves recorded during earthquakes

D) studying rock minerals from mines dug deep into Earth's surface

Incorrect

Seismic Waves

15) ____ waves can travel through solids and liquids.

A) M

B) P

C) S

D) T

Correct!

16) ___ waves can travel through solids but not liquids.

A) M

B) P

C) S

D) T

Correct!

17) Using direct evidence, geologists infer that Earth consists of different layers of different materials.

True

False

Incorrect

18) A strong earthquake happens in California.

Instruments on the other side of the Earth record both P waves and S waves from the earthquake.

Which of the Earth's layers did the waves likely travel through?

A) the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core

B) the crust, mantle, and outer core

C) the crust and mantle

D) the crust only

Correct!

19) Instruments located around Earth record seismic wave activity during an earthquake. The epicenter of the earthquake and locations of four instrument stations around Earth are shown.

The epicenter of an earthquake is the place inside the Earth where the quake originates.

Which stations will record fewer waves than the others?

A) Stations 1 and 4

B) Stations 2 and 3

C) Stations 3 and 4

D) Stations 1 and 2

Incorrect

20) Look at the image above.

Select the two statements that explain why fewer waves were recorded at some stations.

A) part of Earth's interior bent some of the waves
B) different materials in Earth reflect some of the waves
C) some waves are blocked by water on the Earth's surface
D) weather events near the stations can prevent waves from being recorded

Correct!

Earth's Layers

21) How are the outer core and inner core different?

A) the outer core is solid, and the inner core is gas

B) the outer core is liquid, and the inner core is gas

C) the outer core is solid, and the inner core is liquid

D) the outer core is liquid, and the inner core is solid

Correct!

22) Geologists know more about the crust than the mantle or core because they can collect direct evidence.

True

False

Correct!

23) In which layers of Earth do convection currents occur?

A) in the mantle and the outer core

B) in the inner core and the outer core

C) in the mantle and the inner core

D) in all four layers

Correct!

Watch the video below before completing the questions.

The diagram represents a convection current in Earth's mantle.

Descriptions of the events at each of the positions are shown.

Identify the number from the diagram that describes the event occurring at that position in the convection current.

24) Which number represents the movement of less-dense material?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

Incorrect

25) Which number represents the cooling of warmer material?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

Incorrect

26) Which number represents the heating of cooler material?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

Incorrect

27) Which number represents the movement of denser material?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

Correct!

28) What is below Earth's surface? How do we know?

Imagine that you have traveled a thousand years into the future, and people have invented a craft that can travel to Earth's inner core.

Write a short story or diary entry explaining the conditions and types of rocks you observe in each of Earth's layers.

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29) Attach any work required by your teacher and complete log entries.

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